What are the causes of allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, or hay fever, is one of the types of allergies that affect the nose and lead to a number of different symptoms caused by inflammation and swelling of the nose, and the symptoms of allergic rhinitis appear as a result of inhaling someone Elements that cause allergies such as pollen or pollen , dust and animal dander, and symptoms may appear in some cases after eating an allergy-causing food, and it is worth noting that allergic rhinitis is classified into mild, moderate and severe depending on the severity of the accompanying symptoms Allergy, and the effect of these symptoms on a person's ability to engage in various life activities. ^{[1] [2]}

To learn more about allergic rhinitis, read the following article: ( allergic rhinitis ) .

Causes of allergic rhinitis

The symptoms of allergic rhinitis do not appear as a result of exposure to hay as indicated by the common term known as hay fever, and this sensitivity is not accompanied by a high temperature or suffering from a fever , ^[3] rather, the allergic reaction in this case develops as a result of the over-response of the immune system upon exposure For some elements known as allergens , some of which were mentioned previously, such as dust and pollen, and it is worth noting that these elements do not cause any abnormal immune reaction in most people, ^{[4] [5]} In what follows is a detail of the reasons Infection with allergic rhinitis:

Hypersensitivity of the immune system

The hypersensitivity of the immune system in some people to an allergen develops after the first exposure to it, as the immune system deals with this generator as one of the harmful elements to the body, but the person does not show any symptoms the first time, as the immune system produces antibodies for this allergen after the first exposure to it and stored in the immune memory in what is known as the sensitization process. Antibodies can be defined as a group of special proteins that travel through the blood and are produced by immune cells to eliminate Infectious agents such as viruses, and in the event of exposure again to the same allergen, a large amount of these antibodies are produced, which fall under a type of antibody known as immunoglobulin E and for short IgE, which in turn stimulates some special cells On the excretion of a large amount of some chemicals, such as the compound histamine and leukotrienes . ^{[5] [6]}

This immune reaction and the chemical compounds that are secreted result in the inflammation of the inner layer or mucous membrane of the nose, the eyelids of the nose, and the sinuses , and the appearance of various symptoms of allergy such as a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing, and black circles may appear around the eyes as a result Congestion of the veins in the membranes lining the sinuses, and these halos may continue to appear throughout the year in some cases, and allergic rhinitis may also be accompanied by the emergence of some nasal polyps, which is an abnormal and non-cancerous small growth of some tissues in the nose An allergic episode may also be accompanied by nosebleeds for some, and it is worth noting that swelling of the mucous membranes in the nose may lead to blockage of the sinus drainage course and cause sinusitis, therefore, allergic rhinitis is often associated with sinusitis, and it should be noted that most of these symptoms appear as a result of the body's attempt to prevent the allergen from entering the body and expelling it to the outside, and often a number of family members suffer from an allergic problem Nose Therefore, it is believed that most people inherit the problem of nasal allergies. ^{[6] [1]}

Allergens

Allergic rhinitis is divided into two main types, namely ^[7] seasonal allergic rhinitis that occurs within specific times of the year. Symptoms of this type of allergy often appear in the spring, autumn and the end of the summer season, due to the spread of allergens in the air during specific seasons. Such as pollen caused by flowers, mold spores, and the second type is persistent allergic rhinitis, and this type of allergy occurs at any time of the year because the allergens that cause it are constantly present such as mold and dust mites , dander or pet hair, and in what follows is an explanation of some common allergens or triggers that inhaling a small amount of them may lead to some symptoms of allergic rhinitis: ^[8]

• Pollen grains: Pollen grains or pollen can be defined as a group of very small grains that play an important role in the pollination process between different types of plants, and these grains are produced from trees, herbs and flowers, and inhaling them may lead to some suffering from allergic rhinitis, and often Pollen grains are produced at fixed times during the year, but their production may be affected by the weather as well. In some areas with warm weather, pollen production may be continuous throughout the year, and grasses usually produce pollen at the end of spring and early summer, while they are produced from trees. Usually in the beginning and mid-spring season, as for the pollen produced by colored flowers, they often do not cause allergies, as they depend mainly on insectsTo be transferred to other flowers and not transmitted through the air, however, some types of flowers may produce small pollen grains that can move in the air and cause allergies. ^{[8] [9]} It is worth noting that the amount of pollen spread in the air plays a role in the emergence of allergy symptoms. Lack of it, and the percentage of pollen usually decreases in cold, rain and humid weather, and rises in hot and dry weather. ^[10]
• Mold: It is a small type of fungi that is found in many different places, such as wood, grass, and soil, but it does not have a stem, roots or leaves like some other types of fungi, so mold spores fly in the air and their percentage increases in warm weather during the spring. It may also be present throughout the year in some warm areas. ^[9]
• House dust mites: Dust mites feed on dead skin crusts of humans, which are small insects that may be found in carpets, mattresses, beds, and pillows, and a chemical substance found in the feces of these insects may cause allergic rhinitis in some people, despite the presence of these insects Throughout the year, however, its percentage may increase in the winter season. ^[5]
• Animals: Many people suffer from an allergy to animals, and in fact this allergy is not caused by the animal itself, but by peeling of its dead skin, saliva or urine, and dogs and cats are the main cause of this type of allergy, but some people may suffer from an allergy The direction of some other animals such as rodents, rabbits and horses, and it is worth noting that children living with dogs or cats from a young age may lead to a lower risk of their allergy. ^[11]
• Work-related allergens: Some people may be affected by allergens in the work environment, such as the fumes of some chemicals, cleaning materials, some gases, and flour. ^{[4] [8]}

Risk factors for allergic rhinitis

There are a number of factors that may increase the risk of developing allergic rhinitis, and some of them can be explained as follows: ^[12]

• Age and gender: Allergic rhinitis is more common among women after adulthood, while on the contrary it is more common in males before this stage.
• Date of birth: The risk of developing allergic rhinitis increases if you give birth during seasons with high levels of allergens in the air.
• Second-hand smoke : Exposure to second -hand smoke during an early age increases the risk of developing allergic rhinitis.
• Genetic factors: The risk of developing allergic rhinitis increases if a family member suffers from this type of allergy or one of the other types of allergies, especially if the mother also has allergies. ^{[10] [12]}
• Infection with one of the other types of allergies: such as atopic dermatitis , and asthma . ^[13]
• Working and living environment: Living or working in an environment with a high content of allergens such as pets and dust mites increases the risk of developing allergic rhinitis. ^[13]
• Other factors: such as infection, the decrease in the number of times an infant becomes infected during the first stages of its life may lead to a higher risk of developing an autoimmune disease in the future, and it is worth noting that both the first child in the family and living with a family With a high financial income and a small family increases the risk of developing allergies, by linking these factors to the rate of infection of the child during childhood. ^[12]

Prevention of allergic rhinitis

Avoiding exposure to the allergen is the most important way to prevent allergic rhinitis. ^[14] There is also a set of tips that help prevent allergies, and in what follows some of them are:

• Avoid touching and rubbing the nose. ^[14]
• Make sure to wash your hands with soap and water periodically. ^[14]
• Use moth-proof bedding and pillows that are made of impermeable fibers. ^{[14] [15]}
• Regularly wash luggage, bedding, and pillows in hot water and detergent to sterilize them. ^{[14] [15]}
• Avoid the entry of pets into the bedroom to reduce the spread of dander on the bed, or prevent them from entering the house completely. ^{[14] [15]}
• Close the windows of the house and the car during allergic seasons, and replace the use of air conditioning. ^[14]
• Wearing sunglasses and a wide-brimmed hat to keep pollen from entering the eyes. ^[14]
• Replacing fabric curtains with metallic curtains. ^[15]
• Eliminate insects and cockroaches in the home. ^[15]
• Use dehumidifiers in damp areas of the home such as the ground floor and poorly ventilated rooms. ^[15]
• Use a high-efficiency air filter or filter. ^[15]
• Avoid eating foods that trigger allergies. ^[15]
• Regularly clean carpets and upholstered furniture. ^[15]
• Clean the house periodically by mopping, vacuuming and removing dust. ^[15]
• Remove items that may be contributing to dust, such as magazines, books and toys. ^[15]
• Avoid exposure to other stimuli that are not directly allergens, such as cold weather, smoking, strong odors, air pollutants, and high humidity. ^[15]
• Washing pets at least twice a month. ^[8]
• Take the pet dogs out of the house periodically, and wash the linens that the pets sit on regularly. ^[8]
• Avoid spreading your laundry outside during seasons with high pollen levels. ^[8]
• Close windows and doors during the early evening hours and in the middle of the day due to the high pollen content at these two times. ^[8]
• Wash hands, hair and change clothes after leaving the house. ^[8]
• Avoid grass-growing areas during allergic seasons such as parks and playgrounds whenever possible. ^[8]
• Asking another person without allergies to mow the lawn when around the house. ^[8]

References

1. ^ ^{A b} "Allergic Rhinitis And Sinusitis" , Www.who.int , Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.
2. ↑ "Allergic rhinitis" , www.mountsinai.org , Retrieved 4-28-2020. Edited.
3. ↑ "Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)" , www.allergy.org.au , Retrieved 4-28-2020. Edited.
4. ^ ^{A b} "Allergic Rhinitis" , Acaai.org , Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.
5. ^ ^{A b t} "Allergic Rhinitis" , Www.nhsinform.scot , Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.
6. ^ ^{A b} "Understanding the Hay Fever - The Basics" , the www.webmd.com , Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.
7. ↑ "Allergic Rhinitis (Allergies)" , familydoctor.org , Retrieved 4-28-2020. Edited.
8. ^ ^{A b t w c h x d y t} "Allergic Rhinitis" , Healthjade.com , Retrieved 28-4-2020.
9. ^ ^{A b} "OUTDOOR ALLERGENS" , Www.aaaai.org , Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.
10. ^ ^{A b} "Allergic Rhinitis" , Medlineplus.gov , Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.
11. ↑ "Allergic rhinitis" , www.pharmacycareplus.co.uk , Retrieved 4-28-2020. Edited.
12. ^ ^{A b T.} Joseph Nordqvist, "Everything You Need To Know About Hay Fever" , www.medicalnewstoday.com The , Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.
13. ^ ^{A b} " the Hay Fever" , Www.mayoclinic.org , 19-3-2019, Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.
14. ^ ^{A b t w c h x d} "Rhinitis (nasal Allergies)" , Www.aafa.org , Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.
15. ^ ^{A b t w c h x d y t g o} Peter J. Delves, "Allergic Rhinitis" , Www.msdmanuals.com , Retrieved 28-4-2020. Edited.